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| October 2007 at Ushiku-numa Swamp |
October 2007 at Ushiku-numa Swamp |
October 2007 at Ushiku-numa Swamp |
| Family | Poaceae (alt. Gramineae) |
| Scientific name | Phragmites australis (Cavanilles) Trinius ex Steudel |
| Synonyms | Arundo aggerum Kittel; Arundo altissima Bentham; Arundo australis Cavanilles; Arundo barbata Burchell; Arundo egmontiana Roemer & Schultes; Arundo filiformis Hasskarl; Arundo flexuosa Brongniart; Arundo graeca Link; Arundo isiaca Delile; Arundo karka Retzius; Arundo maxima Forsskål; Arundo naga J. König ex Steudel; Arundo naya J. König ex Steudel; Arundo occidentalis Sieber ex Schultes; Arundo palustris Salisbury; Arundo phragmites L.; Arundo phragmites L. var. humilior M. Bieberstein; Arundo phragmites L. var. humilis (De Notaris) Ascherson & Graebner; Arundo phragmites L. var. isiaca Grisebach; Arundo pumila (Willkomm) Grisebach; Arundo vallatoria Gray; Arundo vulgaris Lamarck; Arundo vulnerans Gilibert; Calamagrostis nigricans Merat; Cynodon phragmites (L.) Raspail; Czernya arundinacea C. Presl; Oxyanthe phragmites (L.) Nieuwland; Phragmites altissimus (Bentham) Mabille ex Debeaux; Phragmites arundinaceus Allam ex Munro; Phragmites australis (Cavanilles) Trinius ex Steudel subsp. altissimus (Bentham) Clayton; Phragmites australis (Cavanilles) Trinius ex Steudel subsp. berlandieri (E. Fournier) Saltonstall & Hauber; Phragmites australis (Cavanilles) Trinius ex Steudel subsp. maximus (Forsskal) Soó; Phragmites australis (Cavanilles) Trinius ex Steudel var. berlandieri (E. Fournier) C. F. Reed; Phragmites barbatus Burch ex Stapf; Phragmites berlandieri E. Fournier; Phragmites breviglumis Pomel; Phragmites capensis Nees von Esenbeck; Phragmites caudatus Nees von Esenbeck ex Meyen; Phragmites chilensis Steudel; Phragmites communis Trinius; Phragmites communis Trinius forma flavescens (Custor ex Gaudin) Alefeld; Phragmites communis Trinius forma isiacus (Grisebach) Alefeld; Phragmites communis Trinius forma nigricans (Merat) Alefeld; Phragmites communis Trinius forma variegatus Hitchcock; Phragmites communis Trinius subsp. berlandieri (E. Fournier) A. Löve & D. Löve; Phragmites communis Trinius subsp. isiacus (Grisebach) Oppenheimer & Evenari; Phragmites communis Trinius subsp. maximus (Forsskål) Clayton; Phragmites communis Trinius var. berlandieri (E. Fournier) Fernald; Phragmites communis Trinius var. flavescens Custor ex Gaudin; Phragmites communis Trinius var. humilis (De Notaris) Parlatore; Phragmites communis Trinius var. isiacus (Grisebach) Cosson; Phragmites communis Trinius var. longivalvis (Steudel) Miqiel; Phragmites communis Trinius var. mauritianus (Kunth) Baker; Phragmites communis Trinius var. hispanicus (Nees von Esenbeck) K. Richter; Phragmites communis Trinius var. vulgaris Boenninghausen; Phragmites congestus Lowe; Phragmites dioicus Hackel ex Hicken; Phragmites distichus Büse; Phragmites egmontianus (Roemer & Schultes) Trinius ex Steudel; Phragmites emodi Arnott & Nees von Esenbeck; Phragmites explanatus Trinius ex Steudel; Phragmites filiformis Steudel; Phragmites fissifolius Steudel; Phragmites flavescens (Custor ex Gaudin) Hegetschweiler-Bodmer & Heer; Phragmites flexuosus Trinius ex Steudel; Phragmites graecus (Link) Steudel; Phragmites hispanicus Nees von Esenbeck; Phragmites humilis De Notaris; Phragmites isiacus Kunth; Phragmites japonicus Steudel; Phragmites jehandiezi Sennen & Mauricio; Phragmites jeholensis Honda; Phragmites karka (Retzius) Trinius ex Steudel; Phragmites longivalvis Steudel; Phragmites loscosii Willkomm; Phragmites mauritianus Kunth; Phragmites maximus (Forsskål) Chiovenda; Phragmites maximus (Forsskål) Chiovenda var. berlandieri (E. Fournier) Moldenke; Phragmites maximus (Forsskal) Chiovenda var. variegatus (Hitchcock) Moldenke; Phragmites nakaiana Honda; Phragmites nakaianus Honda; Phragmites naya Trinius ex Steudel; Phragmites nudus Nees von Esenbeck; Phragmites occidentalis Trinius ex Steudel; Phragmites phragmites (L.) H. Karsten; Phragmites prostratus Makino; Phragmites vulgaris (Lamarck) Crépin; Phragmites vulgaris (Lamarck) Crépin subsp. maximus (Forsskål) Chiovenda; Phragmites vulgaris (Lamarck) Crépin var. flavescens (Custor ex Gaudin) Brand; Phragmites vulgaris (Lamarck) Crépin var. humilis (De Notaris) Brand; Phragmites vulgaris (Lamarck) Crépin var. isiacus (Grisebach) T. Durand & Schinz; Phragmites vulgaris (Lamarck) Crépin var. longivalvis (Steudel) W. Wight; Phragmites vulgaris (Lamarck) Crépin var. mauritianus (Kunth) T. Durand & Schinz; Phragmites vulgaris (Lamarck) Crépin var. typicus Beck; Phragmites vulnerans Gilibert ex Ascherson; Reimaria diffusa Sprengel; Trichoon karka (Retzius) Roth; Trichoon phragmites (L.) Rendle; Xenochloa arundinacea Lichtenstein ex Roemer & Schultes |
| Common name | (Japanese common name) yoshi [good], ashi [bad] |
| (English common name) bog reed, common reed, reed, spire, streeds | |
| Distribution | (Japan) Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Okinawa |
| (Other nations) worldwide | |
| Chromosomal number | 2n=36, 48 |
| Description | Plants 1-3m. Leaves 20-50cm length, 2-4cm width. Flowers inflorescences 30-40cm, flowering in August to October. Perennial plants. |
| Reference | Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. |
| Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. | |
| Phragmites australis (Cav.)Trin. ex Steud. | |
| Herbicidal method (US Patent 4292068/1981) | |
| Method for the purification of sewage waters (US Patent 4793929/1987) | |
| High-strength septage biological treatment system (US Patent 6126827/2000) | |
| Process for purification of waste waters and contaminant spills based on the use of cultivated emergent macrophytes converted into floating cultures (US Patent 6322699/2001) | |
| Biologically pure Paenibacillus validus bacterial strains that degrade polyaromatic hydrocarbons (US Patent 6503746/2003) | |
| System and method for removing pollutants from water (US Patent 6652743/2003) | |
| Dietary food supplement containing natural cyclooxygenase inhibitors and methods for inhibiting pain and inflammation (US Patent 6818234/2004) | |
| Artificial phytopurification system (European Patent EP1414756/2004) |
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| October 2007 at Ushiku-numa Swamp |
October 2007 at Ushiku-numa Swamp |
October 2007 at Ushiku-numa Swamp |
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| October 2007 at Ushiku-numa Swamp |
October 2007 at Ushiku-numa Swamp |
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| September 2007 at Taga-numa Swamp |
September 2007 at Taga-numa Swamp |
September 2007 at Taga-numa Swamp |
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| September 2007 at Taga-numa Swamp |
